Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses: Cell

http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(15)01481-6

Summary

Elevated postprandial blood glucose levels constitute a global epidemic and a major risk factor for prediabetes and type II diabetes, but existing dietary methods for controlling them have limited efficacy. Here, we continuously monitored week-long glucose levels in an 800-person cohort, measured responses to 46,898 meals, and found high variability in the response to identical meals, suggesting that universal dietary recommendations may have limited utility. We devised a machine-learning algorithm that integrates blood parameters, dietary habits, anthropometrics, physical activity, and gut microbiota measured in this cohort and showed that it accurately predicts personalized postprandial glycemic response to real-life meals. We validated these predictions in an independent 100-person cohort. Finally, a blinded randomized controlled dietary intervention based on this algorithm resulted in significantly lower postprandial responses and consistent alterations to gut microbiota configuration. Together, our results suggest that personalized diets may successfully modify elevated postprandial blood glucose and its metabolic consequences.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.001

Effects of Step-Wise Increases in Dietary Carbohydrate on Circulating Saturated Fatty Acids and Palmitoleic Acid in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0113605



Abstract


Recent meta-analyses have found no association between heart disease and dietary saturated fat; however, higher proportions of plasma saturated fatty acids (SFA) predict greater risk for developing type-2 diabetes and heart disease. These observations suggest a disconnect between dietary saturated fat and plasma SFA, but few controlled feeding studies have specifically examined how varying saturated fat intake across a broad range affects circulating SFA levels. Sixteen adults with metabolic syndrome (age 44.9±9.9 yr, BMI 37.9±6.3 kg/m2) were fed six 3-wk diets that progressively increased carbohydrate (from 47 to 346 g/day) with concomitant decreases in total and saturated fat. Despite a distinct increase in saturated fat intake from baseline to the low-carbohydrate diet (46 to 84 g/day), and then a gradual decrease in saturated fat to 32 g/day at the highest carbohydrate phase, there were no significant changes in the proportion of total SFA in any plasma lipid fractions. Whereas plasma saturated fat remained relatively stable, the proportion of palmitoleic acid in plasma triglyceride and cholesteryl ester was significantly and uniformly reduced as carbohydrate intake decreased, and then gradually increased as dietary carbohydrate was re-introduced. The results show that dietary and plasma saturated fat are not related, and that increasing dietary carbohydrate across a range of intakes promotes incremental increases in plasma palmitoleic acid, a biomarker consistently associated with adverse health outcomes.



Citation: Volk BM, Kunces LJ, Freidenreich DJ, Kupchak BR, Saenz C, Artistizabal JC, et al. (2014) Effects of Step-Wise Increases in Dietary Carbohydrate on Circulating Saturated Fatty Acids and Palmitoleic Acid in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome. PLoS ONE 9(11): e113605. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113605

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome | Full text | Low carbohydrate diet in type 1 diabetes, long-term improvement and adherence: A clinical audit

http://www.dmsjournal.com/content/4/1/23

Food Additives Alter Gut Microbes, Cause Diseases in Mice - NIH Research Matters - National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Food Additives Alter Gut Microbes, Cause Diseases in Mice - NIH Research Matters - National Institutes of Health (NIH)

http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/march2015/03162015additives.htm

At a Glance

• Common food additives called emulsifiers promoted colitis and metabolic syndrome in mice by altering gut microbes.

• The findings suggest that certain food additives might play a role in the increasing incidence of obesity and chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

Impact of dining out on nutritional intake and metabolic syndrome risk factors: data from the 2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey - PubMed - NCBI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25662005

Carbohydrate restriction as the default treatment for type 2 diabet... - PubMed - NCBI

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18609058

Abstract

"Dietary carbohydrate restriction in the treatment of diabetes and metabolic syndrome is based on an underlying principle of control of insulin secretion and the theory that insulin resistance is a response to chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. As such, the theory is intuitive and has substantial experimental support. It has generally been opposed by health agencies because of concern that carbohydrate will be replaced by fat, particularly saturated fat, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease as dictated by the so-called diet-heart hypothesis. Here we summarize recent data showing that, in fact, substitution of fat for carbohydrate generally improves cardiovascular risk factors. Removing the barrier of concern about dietary fat makes carbohydrate restriction a reasonable, if not the preferred method for treating type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. We emphasize the ability of low carbohydrate diets to improve glycemic control, hemoglobin A1C and to reduce medication. We review evidence that such diets are effective even in the absence of weight loss."

Carbohydrate restriction as the default treatment for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Feinman RD, Volek JS. Scand Cardiovasc J.
2008 Aug;42(4):256-63. doi: 10.1080/14017430802014838. Review.
PMID: 18609058

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes

http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/11/2477.full

Forskning "Low Carb / High Fat", "Socker" och "Oljor"

Low Carb / High Fat

Dietary carbohydrate restriction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal

• http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2F1743-7075-5-9.pdf

Carbohydrate restriction improves the features of Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome may be defined by the response to carbohydrate restriction

• http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2F1743-7075-2-31.pdf

Carbohydrate restriction and cardiovascular risk

• http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12170-008-0018-z

Carbohydrate Restriction has a More Favorable Impact on the Metabolic Syndrome than a Low Fat Diet

• http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11745-008-3274-2

Plasma PCSK9 concentrations during an oral fat load and after short term high-fat, high-fat high-protein and high-fructose diets

• http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2F1743-7075-10-4.pdf

Limited Effect of Dietary Saturated Fat on Plasma Saturated Fat in the Context of a Low Carbohydrate Diet

• http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11745-010-3467-3.pdf

Socker

Long-term high fructose and saturated fat diet affects plasma fatty acid profile in rats

• http://link.springer.com/article/10.1631/jzus.B1100090

Effects of long-term consumption of a high-fructose diet on conventional cardiovascular risk factors in Sprague-Dawley rats

• http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11010-009-0063-z

Opposing effects of dietary sugar and saturated fat on cardiovascular risk factors and glucose metabolism in mitochondrially impaired mice

• http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-010-0100-4

Oljor

Influence of Commercial Dietary Oils on Lipid Composition and Testosterone Production in Interstitial Cells Isolated from Rat Testis

• http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11745-008-3277-z

Effects of dietary oils on pulmonary vascular reactivity and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats

• http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02887795

The effects of dietary oils on the fatty acid composition and osmotic fragility of rat erythrocytes

• http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01622227

Carbohydrate Restriction has a More Favorable Impact on the Metabolic Syndrome than a Low Fat Diet - Springer

Carbohydrate Restriction has a More Favorable Impact on the Metabolic Syndrome than a Low Fat Diet - Springer

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11745-008-3274-2