torsdag 25 december 2014

Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women

Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1270002/





Mozaffarian D, Rimm
EB, Herrington DM. Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary
atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. The American journal of clinical
nutrition 2004;80(5):1175-1184.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1270002/


Abstract

Background: 
The influence of diet on atherosclerotic progression is not well established, particularly in postmenopausal women, in whom risk factors for progression may differ from those for men.
Objective
The objective was to investigate associations between dietary macronutrients and progression of coronary atherosclerosis among postmenopausal women.
Design
Quantitative coronary angiography was performed at baseline and after a mean follow-up of 3.1 y in 2243 coronary segments in 235 postmenopausal women with established coronary heart disease. Usual dietary intake was assessed at baseline.
Results: 
The mean (±SD) total fat intake was 25 ± 6% of energy. In multivariate analyses, a higher saturated fat intake was associated with a smaller decline in mean minimal coronary diameter (P = 0.001) and less progression of coronary stenosis (P =0.002) during follow-up. Compared with a 0.22-mm decline in the lowest quartile of intake, there was a 0.10-mm decline in the second quartile (P = 0.002), a 0.07-mm decline in the third quartile (P = 0.002), and no decline in the fourth quartile (P <0.001); P for trend =0.001. This inverse association was more pronounced among women with lower monounsaturated fat (P for interaction =0.04) and higher carbohydrate (P for interaction =0.004) intakes and possibly lower total fat intake (P for interaction =0.09). Carbohydrate intake was positively associated with atherosclerotic progression (P=0.001), particularly when the glycemic index was high. Polyunsaturated fat intake was positively associated with progression when replacing other fats (P = 0.04) but not when replacing carbohydrate or protein. Monoun-saturated and total fat intakes were not associated with progression.
Conclusions
In postmenopausal women with relatively low total fat intake, a greater saturated fat intake is associated with less progression of coronary atherosclerosis, whereas carbohydrate intake is associated with a greater progression.

Association of fructose consumption and components of metabolic syndrome in human studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Nutrition

Association of fructose consumption and components of metabolic syndrome in human studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Nutrition

Effect of low-calorie versus low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes - Nutrition

http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(12)00073-1/abstract

måndag 15 december 2014

Physical Exercise as a Preventive or Disease-Modifying Treatment of Dementia and Brain Aging - Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Physical Exercise as a Preventive or Disease-Modifying Treatment of Dementia and Brain Aging - Mayo Clinic Proceedings





Mayo
Clinic Proceedings

September
2011 Volume 86, Issue 9, Pages 876–884


Physical
Exercise as a Preventive or Disease-Modifying Treatment of Dementia and Brain
Agin

http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)65219-1/fulltext


Abstract:

A rapidly growing literature strongly suggests that exercise, specifically aerobic exercise, may attenuate cognitive impairment and reduce dementia risk. We used PubMed (keywords exercise and cognition) and manuscript bibliographies to examine the published evidence of a cognitive neuroprotective effect of exercise. Meta-analyses of prospective studies documented a significantly reduced risk of dementia associated with midlife exercise; similarly, midlife exercise significantly reduced later risks of mild cognitive impairment in several studies. Among patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) documented better cognitive scores after 6 to 12 months of exercise compared with sedentary controls. Meta-analyses of RCTs of aerobic exercise in healthy adults were also associated with significantly improved cognitive scores. One year of aerobic exercise in a large RCT of seniors was associated with significantly larger hippocampal volumes and better spatial memory; other RCTs in seniors documented attenuation of age-related gray matter volume loss with aerobic exercise. Cross-sectional studies similarly reported significantly larger hippocampal or gray matter volumes among physically fit seniors compared with unfit seniors. Brain cognitive networks studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging display improved connectivity after 6 to 12 months of exercise. Animal studies indicate that exercise facilitates neuroplasticity via a variety of biomechanisms, with improved learning outcomes. Induction of brain neurotrophic factors by exercise has been confirmed in multiple animal studies, with indirect evidence for this process in humans. Besides a brain neuroprotective effect, physical exercise may also attenuate cognitive decline via mitigation of cerebrovascular risk, including the contribution of small vessel disease to dementia. Exercise should not be overlooked as an important therapeutic strategy.

Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory

Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory



Published online
before print January 31, 2011, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015950108
PNAS February 15,
2011 vol. 108 no. 7 3017-3022
Exercise training
increases size of hippocampus and improves memory







Abstract

The hippocampus shrinks in late adulthood, leading to impaired memory and increased risk for dementia. Hippocampal and medial temporal lobe volumes are larger in higher-fit adults, and physical activity training increases hippocampal perfusion, but the extent to which aerobic exercise training can modify hippocampal volume in late adulthood remains unknown. Here we show, in a randomized controlled trial with 120 older adults, that aerobic exercise training increases the size of the anterior hippocampus, leading to improvements in spatial memory. Exercise training increased hippocampal volume by 2%, effectively reversing age-related loss in volume by 1 to 2 y. We also demonstrate that increased hippocampal volume is associated with greater serum levels of BDNF, a mediator of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Hippocampal volume declined in the control group, but higher preintervention fitness partially attenuated the decline, suggesting that fitness protects against volume loss. Caudate nucleus and thalamus volumes were unaffected by the intervention. These theoretically important findings indicate that aerobic exercise training is effective at reversing hippocampal volume loss in late adulthood, which is accompanied by improved memory function.

torsdag 11 december 2014

Trans-11 18:1 Vaccenic Acid (TVA) Has a Direct Anti-Carcinogenic Effect on MCF-7 Human Mammary Adenocarcinoma Cells

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942722/


Abstract

Trans vaccenic acid (TVA; trans-11 18:1) is a positional and geometric isomer of oleic acid and it is the predominant trans isomer found in ruminant fats. TVA can be converted intocis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (c9, t11-CLA), a CLA isomer that has many beneficial effects, by stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) in the mammary gland. The health benefits associated with CLA are well documented, but it is unclear whether trans fatty acids (TFAs) from ruminant products have healthy effects. Therefore, the effects of TVA on the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells and MCF-10A human breast epithelial cells were investigated in the present study. Results showed that TVA inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells but not MCF-10A cells by down-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 as well as procaspase-9. In addition, the suppressive effect of TVA was confirmed in SCD1-depleted MCF-7 cells. Our results suggested that TVA exerts a direct anti-carcinogenic effect on MCF-7 cells. These findings provided a better understanding of the research on the anti-carcinogenic effects of TVA and this may facilitate the manufacture of TVA/c9, t11-CLA fortified ruminant products.

onsdag 3 december 2014

Vitamin D Intake and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3798920/


Conclusions

Our findings suggest that vitamin D intake during early life is associated with a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes. There was not enough evidence supporting an association between maternal intake of vitamin D and type 1 diabetes risk in the offspring. Because these findings were largely based upon case-control studies, well-designed cohort studies are still needed to determine the role of vitamin D in the prevention of type 1 diabetes.

tisdag 2 december 2014

Vitamin D and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease

Vitamin D and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease




Conclusion: Our results confirm that vitamin D deficiency is associated with a substantially

increased risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer disease. This adds to the ongoing debate
about the role of vitamin D in nonskeletal conditions.

Neurology® 2014;83:1–9